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As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makesus re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographsthat show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the imageof 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started postingthem on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprisedto see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They arenoting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as thehundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our co妹妹on experience oflaughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographicportraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sittersposing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absentlyinto the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposuretimes were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing animage on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical dutieswas too much to contemplate, and so a non-co妹妹ittal blank stare became thenorm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction ofthe Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’sdigital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smileswere relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for anexplanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesygrin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victoriansaying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouthswere often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve ofthe super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lackedclass: drunks, tramps,
and music hall performers might gurn and grin with asmile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not abecoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed ahearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter
A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians.
B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies.
C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image.
D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography.
32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he hascollected?
A. They are in popular use among historians.
B. They are rare among photographs of that age.
C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.
D. They show effects of different exposure
times.
33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?
A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.
B. Their tension before the camera.
C. Their distrust of new inventions.
D. Their unhealthy dental condition.
34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictureswas
A. a deep-root belief.
B. a misguided attitude.
C. a controversial view.
D. a thought-provoking idea.
35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?
A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?
B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?
C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?
D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
准确谜底：31. A 32.B 33. D 34. A 35. A
31. 本题定位在第一段，关头词为post,twitter,详细定位在第一段的第4、五行，经由过程第五行咱们可以看到作者在twitter上放维多利亚时代的人物照片，引发了很大的颤动(stir)，并且第五行最后一个surprise奉告了咱们，大师对付维多利亚时代人物微笑的照片是感触很是诧异的，和本来本身的熟悉分歧，这也就阐明了这些照片其实是扭转了人们本来对维多利亚时代人们的印象，对应的是谜底A(changedpeople’s impression of the Victorians.);Twitter简直是一种socialmedia(社交媒体)，可是这里仅仅是作者公布维多利亚时代人物照片的一个前言，作者底子没有提到用它来做钻研。属于无中生有。故B选项解除;Re-evaluated位于第一行，而咱们方才肯定的定位句在第四五行，属于定位毛病，故C选项解除;the development of Victorian photography第一段中没有呈现原词，通读第一段四五行咱们可以发明twitter上的照片不是为了阐释那时拍照技能的成长，故解除。
32.本题关头词为Victorian portraits, collected, 经由过程这两个词可以定位到文章第二段，第二行that mycollection makes up only a tiny percentage…可以看到这些作者收集的肖像画是很少的，对应的是B选项中的rare,故准确谜底为B;第二段中没有提到historians, 更没有提到in popular use, 同时也没有提到socialconventions属于无中生有，故解除A, C;选项D中的exposuretime呈现在第三段，属于定位庞杂，并且是诠释为甚么不少维多利亚时代的人摄影时不笑的缘由，故解除。
33.in the 1890s可以帮忙咱们定位到第四段的最后一句，第五段开首one explanation较着是诠释缘由，是咱们必要重点存眷的内容，第5、六段频频呈现的词有grin，teeth, dental, mouth, toothy,经由过程这些词咱们可以看到缘由都是和口腔，牙齿有关的，故选D;A.中的social sensitiveness,B中的tension，C中的distrust都没有提到，故解除;
34. 按照题干可以定位到文章最后一段，举马克吐温的例子，就是为了证实在那时a toothygrin缺少教化，不是教化杰出的人合适的脸色——这一维多利亚时代人们的概念，乃至连喜好大笑的名流马克吐温也如许认为，以是这是一个根深蒂固的信心，故选A。文章中没有提到摄影时否决微笑这一个概念是误导的(misguided)、有争议的(controversial)、惹人沉思的(thought-provoking)的，故解除B、C、D。
35.本题是一个归纳综合类标题，雷同于本文的标题title是甚么，答复此类标题，必要咱们理清整篇文章的逻辑，第一段是引入话题，第二段最后一句How dowe explain this trend?trend即维多利亚时代人们摄影时板滞没有微笑，就是文章一向在答复的问题。Stern在这里是峻厉的，严重的，不笑的，故选谜底A;谜底B,为甚么维多利亚期间的人起头看照片, 无中生有，故解除;C，文章中只是说到了维多利亚时代拍照exposuretime很长是人们摄影没有微笑的一个缘由，没有说拍照成长迟钝。D中的a post-Victorian norm，没有提到，故解除。
